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The settlement grew up beside a ford on the River Mole , from which its name is thought to derive. The first bridge across the Mole may have been constructed in around and this may have coincided with the expansion of the town and the enlargement of the parish church. For much of its history, Leatherhead was primarily an agricultural settlement, with a weekly market being held until the mid- Elizabethan era. The construction of turnpike roads in the midth century and the arrival of the railways in the second half of the 19th century attracted newcomers and began to stimulate the local economy.

Large-scale manufacturing industries arrived following the end of the First World War and companies with factories in the town included Ronson and Goblin Vacuum Cleaners. Several organisations working with disabled people also opened treatment and training facilities, including The Royal School for the Blind , Queen Elizabeth's Foundation and the Ex-services Welfare Society. Towards the end of the 20th century, manufacturing in Leatherhead had begun to decline and the town was instead starting to attract service sector employers.

The former industrial areas were converted to business parks , which attracted multinational companies, including Esso and Unilever. A controversial redevelopment took place in the town centre in the early s, which included the construction of the Swan Centre.

The work, which also included the pedestrianisation of the main shopping area, was widely blamed for a decline in the local retail economy. In , the BBC identified Leatherhead as having one of the worst High Streets in England, but in , the local press described the town centre as "bustling". The origins and meaning of the name 'Leatherhead' are uncertain.

The Anglo-Saxon and English forms are a distortion of the original British name. Leatherhead is a town in central Surrey , around 17 mi 27 km south of the centre of London. It lies on the southern edge of the London Basin and the highest point in the parish, at Leatherhead Downs, is m ft above ordnance datum. Leatherhead is at the southern edge of the London Basin , where the permeable upper chalk of the North Downs dips beneath the impermeable London Clay.

Several settlements were established along this spring line in Anglo-Saxon and early medieval times, including the villages of Ashtead , Fetcham and Effingham , which are linked to Leatherhead by the Guildford to Epsom road. The earliest evidence of human activity in Leatherhead comes from the Iron Age. Flints , a probable well and two pits were discovered in during building work on Garlands Road and the finds suggest that the site was also used in the early Roman period.

An Anglo-Saxon settlement at Leatherhead was most likely founded on the east side of the River Mole in the second half of the 6th century. A burial ground, dating to the same period, has been identified on the west side at Hawks Hill. Excavations uncovered the remains of at least 40 individuals and the artefacts found, including knives, buckles and necklaces, suggest that they were pagan burials. From the mid-9th century, Leatherhead was the centre of a royal vill , which encompassed Ashtead , Fetcham and Bookham.

The medieval history of Leatherhead is complex, since the parish was divided into a number of manors. Its Domesday assets were one church, belonging to Ewell , and 40 acres , m 2 of land. For the majority of its history, Thorncroft Manor appears to have remained as a single, intact entity, with the exception of the subinfeudation of Bocketts Farm , which took place before Her great-grandson, Richard de Montfichet , sold the manor to John de Cheresbure in around and it was next purchased by Philip Basset and his second wife, Ela, Countess of Warwick in around In contrast, the manor of Pachesham became fragmented as the Middle Ages progressed.

By the time of Domesday book, it was already divided into two parts, the smaller of which was later referred to as "Pachenesham Parva". No written record of either part of the manor survives from the subsequent years, but in land belongong to Pachesham was recorded as passing to Eustace de Hacche.

De Haache rebuilt the manor house in around , which he enclosed with a moat. In , one year after a serious fire had destroyed much of Leatherhead, Wimbledon defaulted on the rent and was accused of dismantling several of the manor buildings. From the start of the 15th century, the land was divided between twelve lessees and the manor then disappears from the historical record.

Surviving records of Pachenesham Parva from around suggest that it covered an area of 46 ha acres on the east bank of the River Mole, to the north west of the town centre. By the early 17th century, the area was known as Randalls Farm and, in , the associated land totalled ha acres.

Reforms during the Tudor period replaced the day-to-day administration of towns such as Leatherhead in the hands of the vestry of the parish church. Until , it also administered poor relief and was responsible for building a workhouse on Kingston Road in During the 19th century, local government reforms gradually removed the duties of running of the town's infrastructure and services from the vestry.

The Poor Law Amendment Act placed the workhouse in the care of a board of guardians at Epsom [48] and the Local Government Act transferred many administrative responsibilities to the newly formed Surrey County Council.

The Leatherhead Urban District Council UDC was formed six years later [49] and in the county council was placed in charge of the town's National schools. Leatherhead developed at a crossing point of the River Mole at the intersection between the north-south Kingston -Dorking and east-west Epsom-Guildford roads.

The original position of the ford is unclear, but it may have been around 90 m yd upstream of the present Leatherhead Bridge at a point where a continuation of Elm Road would meet the river. The first indication of a bridge at Leatherhead is a local deed dated to , which was witnessed by a "Simon of the Bridge". Later that century, in around , a Peter Dryaw of Fetcham is recorded as mortgaging the annual rent of a house "at the bridge in the town of Ledderede" to Merton College, Oxford.

It is not clear to what extent the Mole was used for navigation in the past, but in the early Middle Ages, it is likely that shallow-bottomed craft were able to reach Leatherhead from the Thames for much of the year. In the late 13th century, Thorncroft Manor purchased a shout , a type of boat up to 16 metres 52 ft in length, used to transport produce to market.

The turnpike road between Epsom and Horsham , which ran through Leatherhead, was authorised by Parliament in The line, which terminated at a station in Kingston Road, opened on 1 February The Mole Gap through the North Downs had been identified as a potential railway corridor as early as the s, but the line south from Leatherhead to Dorking was not opened until It was designed by C.

Driver in a fine gothic revival style and is the station that survives today. The two railway companies were amalgamated in , when the Southern Railway was formed.

In the late s, a southward extension of the Chessington branch line was proposed, but the creation of the Metropolitan Green Belt prevented the scheme from being enacted.

The construction of the A24 bypass between Givons Grove and Leatherhead Common started in [71] and the final section opened in May The right to hold a weekly market and an annual fair was granted to Leatherhead in by Henry III.

The construction of the turnpikes, and later the railways, attracted wealthier residents to Leatherhead. Many of these incomers had accumulated their wealth as entrepreneurs in London and had no previous connection to the area. By the start of the Victorian era , they were beginning to influence the local economy.

Small, family-based manufacturing firms began to grow, engaged in industries such as brick-making , milling of logs , tanning , shoemaking , malting and brewing. In the census , Larger-scale industries arrived in Leatherhead in the first half of the 20th century. In , the Rayon manufacturing company opened a factory in Ermyn Way, close to the border with Ashtead parish [77] and was replaced ten years later by the manufacturing plant for Goblin Vacuum Cleaners.

A business park opened in its place. The charity constructed a factory in the grounds to provide employment for disabled veterans, producing electrical items, such as electric blankets. In , the organisation opened a treatment centre at Tyrwhitt House in Oaklawn Road, named after Reginald Tyrwhitt , its president at the time. In , the factory was purchased by Remploy. It continued to manufacture electrical goods, but under the new ownership, its operations expanded to include the assembly and packaging of mechanical equipment.

Large-scale manufacturing in Leatherhead was short lived and, as the 20th century progressed, the town started to attract service sector industries.

A controversial redevelopment of the road network in the town centre took place in the late s and early s. The project began with the demolition of the Prince of Wales pub in and the Swan Centre, a covered shopping centre with a multistorey car park , was constructed in its place. At the same time a one-way system was created and the High Street was pedestrianised.

Leatherhead began to expand at the start of the 20th century and the population grew from in 4, in to 5, in The first council housing in the town, a development of 59 houses in Poplar Road, was built by Leatherhead UDC in Preference for rehousing was given to ex-servicemen and their families. In , 90 council houses were constructed in Kingston Road. The Givons Grove estate, to the south of the town, was developed in the late s and early s.

Originally a constituent of Thorncroft Manor, it was an area of arable land, known as "Gibbons Farm", named after a prominent local family. Following the end of the Second World War, new housing was constructed to the north of the town centre, along Cleeve, Kingston and Copthorne Roads, to replace properties damaged by bombing. The recruits were primarily drawn from the Manchester area and underwent training at Randalls Farm.

Concerns that the town's water supply might be poisoned by enemy spies, prompted the authorities to arrange a guard on the waterworks on Guildford Road.

Many of the duties were undertaken by the local Scout troop and members of the Boy's Brigade , which was affiliated with St Mary's Church. By March it had 33 beds and was fully occupied. It closed in February Leatherhead was again a garrison town in the Second World War.

Troops from the Royal Corps of Signals were billeted in late [] and a year later, the first Canadian soldiers began to arrive in the local area. The cottage hospital on Poplar Road opened in May and by June of that year was treating 78 members of the British Expeditionary Force , who had been evacuated from Dunkirk.

The training centres for the company included the Drill Hall on Kingston Road and an anti-tank obstacle was installed at the east end of the High Street, close to the Leatherhead Institute. The Home Guard company was disbanded four years later, once the threat of invasion had passed. Leatherhead experienced two main periods of bombing during the war. The first wave of attacks took place from late until early During the first raid, early in the morning on 27 August , 20 high-explosive bombs were dropped along the border with Ashtead.

The clubhouse of the golf club suffered a direct hit, but the civilians taking cover in the shelter beneath it were fully protected and survived without injury. In October of the same year, the oil storage tanks next to the waterworks were set alight by an incendiary bomb. The resulting fires could not be extinguished until more than 24 hours later. Leatherhead is in the Mole Valley parliamentary constituency , which has been represented in the House of Commons since by the Conservative , Sir Paul Beresford.

Councillors are elected to Surrey County Council every four years. The town is part of the 'Leatherhead and Fetcham East' ward. Five councillors represent the town on Mole Valley District Council the headquarters of which are in Dorking :. Leatherhead is represented by a swan on the crest of the Mole Valley District Council coat of arms.